Sometimes during the birth process, the baby may suffer a physical injury that impairs
function or structure of their body. This is sometimes called birth trauma or birth
injury. It can occur during labor, delivery, or after delivery. Birth injuries can
range from very mild to severe and life-threatening.
A difficult birth or injury to the baby can occur because of the baby's size or the
position of the baby during labor and delivery. Conditions that may be linked to a
difficult birth include:
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Brachial palsy. This occurs when the group of nerves that supplies the arms and hands (brachial plexus)
is injured. It's most common when there is trouble delivering the baby's shoulder,
called shoulder dystocia. The baby loses the ability to flex and rotate the arm. If
the injury caused bruising and swelling around the nerves, movement should return
within a few months. Tearing of the nerve may cause permanent nerve damage. Special
exercises are used to help maintain the arm’s range of motion while healing occurs.
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Bruising or forceps marks. Some babies may show signs of bruising on the face or head simply because of the
trauma of passing though the birth canal and contact with the mother's pelvic bones
and tissues. Forceps used with delivery can leave temporary marks or bruises on the
baby's face and head. Babies delivered by vacuum extraction may have some scalp bruising
or a scalp cut (laceration).
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Caput succedaneum. Caput is a significant swelling of the soft tissues of the baby's scalp. This develops
as the baby travels through the birth canal, or the skin is pulled when an instrument
is used to help delivery. Some babies have some bruising of the area. The swelling
usually goes away in a few days without problems. Babies delivered by vacuum extraction
are more likely to have this condition.
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Cephalohematoma. This is an area of bleeding between the skull bone and its fibrous covering. It often
appears several hours after birth as a raised lump on the baby's head. Over time,
the body reabsorbs the blood. Depending on the size, most cephalohematomas take 2
weeks to 3 months to disappear completely. If the area of bleeding is large, some
babies may develop jaundice as the red blood cells break down.
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Facial paralysis. During labor or birth, pressure on a baby's face may injure the facial nerve. This
may also occur when forceps are used for delivery. The injury is often seen when the
baby cries. There is no movement on the side of the face with the injury and the eye
can’t be closed. If the nerve was only bruised, the paralysis usually improves in
a few weeks. If the nerve was torn, surgery may be needed.
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Fractures. Fracture of the clavicle or collarbone is the most common fracture during labor and
delivery. The clavicle may break when there is trouble delivering the baby's shoulder
or during a breech delivery. A baby with a fractured clavicle rarely moves the arm
on the side of the break. But healing occurs quickly. As new bone forms, a firm lump
on the clavicle often develops in the first 10 days. If the fracture is painful, limiting
movement of the arm and shoulder with a soft bandage or splint may be helpful.
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Subconjunctival hemorrhage. This is the breakage of small blood vessels in the eyes of a baby. One or both of
the eyes may have a bright red band in the white part of the eye. This is very common
and doesn't cause eye damage. The redness is usually absorbed in a week to 10 days.