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Bridget E. Young, Ph.D.

Bridget E. Young, Ph.D.

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About Me

Faculty Appointments

Associate Professor - Department of Pediatrics, Breastfeeding & Lactation Medicine (SMD)

Associate Professor - Department of Public Health Sciences (SMD) - Joint

Credentials

Post-doctoral Training & Residency

Postdoctoral Research Fellow, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO. Research Mentor: Dr. Nancy Krebs, MD, MS. 2011 - 2014

Education

PhD | Cornell University. Nutritional Sciences. 2011

BA | Colgate University. Molecular Biology. 2005

Awards

Valor Leadership and Coaching Program. 2022

Erlich Koldovsky Early Career Award for Research in Human Milk and Lactation. 2021

'Macronutrient, Zinc and Insulin Variation in Donor Human Milk-Attempting to Hit the Moving Target of Infant Needs'. 2018

Invited Symposium Speaker. 2015

Travel Award - presentation at Bi-annual meeting. 2014

Recipient of F32 Award, proposal "Differences in Breastmilk Composition and Infant Growth between Healthy and Overweight Mothers. 2014 - 2015

Women's Health Research Faculty Development Award. 2013 - 2014

Child and Maternal Health Pilot Award. 2013 - 2014

Thrasher Research Fund Early Investigator Award. 2012 - 2014

National Institutes of Health Institutional Training Grant. 2011

Graduate Student Research Award and travel grant from the Nutritional Sciences Council. 2011

Emerging Clinical Leaders Award and travel grant. 2010

Graduate Student Travel Grant. 2009 - 2010

National Institutes of Health Institutional Training Grant; "Training in Maternal and Child Nutrition". 2009 - 2011

Research

Dr. Young studied Maternal and Child Nutrition at Cornell University where she received her PhD. She then pursued a postdoctoral fellowship in Pediatric Nutrition at the University of Colorado. She joined the faculty at the University of Rochester in 2018 and is the Director of Research for the Divi...
Dr. Young studied Maternal and Child Nutrition at Cornell University where she received her PhD. She then pursued a postdoctoral fellowship in Pediatric Nutrition at the University of Colorado. She joined the faculty at the University of Rochester in 2018 and is the Director of Research for the Division of Breastfeeding and Lactation Medicine.

Bridget Young's research interests are in early infant nutrition. She studies the impact of obesity and insulin resistance on breast milk composition, and resultant programming effects in the infant. She particularly focuses on the effect of oral insulin in human milk on infant pancreatic function and intestinal maturation in the neonate. Dr. Young also studies how variation in infant formula ingredients impact long-term outcomes in the infant.

Clinical Trials

At-the-Breast vs. Expressed human milk: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN),

Lead Researcher: Bridget Young

We are looking for: - Mothers who are exclusively pumping for babies under 5 weeks old - Participation will last until your baby is 5 months old - We will have you collect breastmilk, stool, urine, and saliva at home - This study is totally rem...

Publications

Journal Articles

Development of a Breastfeeding and Lactation Medicine Division Over a Seven-Year Period: An Homage to Dr Ruth A. Lawrence.

Rosen-Carole CB, Burtner M, Dozier A, Garver L, Hartman S, Jack A, Jarvinen K, Ly-Mapes O, Palmiter K, Perez-D'Gregorio R, Young BE

Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine.. 2025 January 3 Epub 01/03/2025.

Association between maternal stress and premature milk cortisol, milk IgA, and infant health: a cohort study.

Rosen-Carole CB, Greenman S, Wang H, Sonawane S, Misra R, O'Connor T, Järvinen K, D'Angio C, Young BE

Frontiers in nutrition.. 2024 11 :1270523. Epub 03/06/2024.

The Gut Microbiota Differ in Exclusively Breastfed and Formula-Fed United States Infants and are Associated with Growth Status.

Odiase E, Frank DN, Young BE, Robertson CE, Kofonow JM, Davis KN, Berman LM, Krebs NF, Tang M

The Journal of nutrition.. 2023 September 153 (9):2612-2621. Epub 07/26/2023.

Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis of Lactation-Stage-Matched Human and Bovine Milk Samples at 2 Weeks Postnatal.

Lemas DJ, Du X, Dado-Senn B, Xu K, Dobrowolski A, Magalhães M, Aristizabal-Henao JJ, Young BE, Francois M, Thompson LA, Parker LA, Neu J, Laporta J, Misra BB, Wane I, Samaan S, Garrett TJ

Nutrients.. 2023 August 2915 (17)Epub 08/29/2023.

Human milk-derived fortifiers are linked with feed extension due to Hypoglycemia in infants <1250?g or <30 weeks: a matched retrospective chart review.

Ackley D, Wang H, D'Angio CT, Meyers J, Young BE

Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association.. 2023 May 43 (5):624-628. Epub 03/29/2023.

Iron and DHA in Infant Formula Purchased in the US Fails to Meet European Nutrition Requirements.

Strzalkowski A, Black G, Young BE

Nutrients.. 2023 April 815 (8)Epub 04/08/2023.

Ecologies, synergies, and biological systems shaping human milk composition-a report from "Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)" Working Group 2.

Smilowitz JT, Allen LH, Dallas DC, McManaman J, Raiten DJ, Rozga M, Sela DA, Seppo A, Williams JE, Young BE, McGuire MK

The American journal of clinical nutrition.. 2023 April 117 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1):S28-S42. Epub 1900 01 01.

Health and nutrition claims for infant formula: international cross sectional survey.

Cheung KY, Petrou L, Helfer B, Porubayeva E, Dolgikh E, Ali S, Ali I, Archibald-Durham L, Brockway MM, Bugaeva P, Chooniedass R, Comberiati P, Cortés-Macías E, D'Elios S, Feketea G, Hsu P, Kana MA, Kriulina T, Kunii Y, Madaki C, Omer R, Peroni D, Prokofiev J, Simpson MR, Shimojo N, Siziba LP, Genuneit J, Thakor S, Waris M, Yuan Q, Zaman S, Young BE, Bugos B, Greenhawt M, Levin ME, Zheng J, Boyle RJ, Munblit D

BMJ : British medical journal. 2023 February 15380 :e071075. Epub 02/15/2023.

Human milk imparts higher insulin concentration in infants born to women with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Rodel RL, Farabi SS, Hirsch NM, Rolloff KP, McNair B, Hernandez TL, Krebs NF, Barbour LA, Young BE

The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians.. 2022 December 35 (25):7676-7684. Epub 08/31/2021.

Protein and carbohydrate content of infant formula purchased in the United States.

Strzalkowski AJ, Järvinen KM, Schmidt B, Young BE

Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.. 2022 November 52 (11):1291-1301. Epub 10/19/2022.

Infant Red Blood Cell Arachidonic to Docosahexaenoic Acid Ratio Inversely Associates with Fat-Free Mass Independent of Breastfeeding Exclusivity.

Young BE, Kyere-Davies G, Farriester JW, Varshney R, MacLean PS, Krebs NF, Rudolph MC

Nutrients.. 2022 October 1114 (20)Epub 10/11/2022.

Broad Cross-Reactive IgA and IgG against Human Coronaviruses in Milk Induced by COVID-19 Vaccination and Infection.

Wang J, Young BE, Li D, Seppo A, Zhou Q, Wiltse A, Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Murphy K, Widrick K, Diaz N, Cruz-Vasquez J, M Järvinen K, Zand MS

Vaccines.. 2022 June 2010 (6)Epub 06/20/2022.

Thinking More About Inhibition of Breast Milk on the Infectivity of SARS-CoV-2-Reply.

Young BE, Järvinen KM, Seppo A

JAMA pediatrics.. 2022 May 1176 (5):527-528. Epub 1900 01 01.

Broad Cross-reactive IgA and IgG Against Human Coronaviruses in Milk Induced by COVID-19 Vaccination and Infection.

Wang J, Young BE, Li D, Seppo AE, Zhou Q, Wiltse A, Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Murphy K, Widrick K, Diaz N, Cruz-Vasquez J, Järvinen KM, Zand MS

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences.. 2022 March 14 Epub 03/14/2022.

Association of Human Milk Antibody Induction, Persistence, and Neutralizing Capacity With SARS-CoV-2 Infection vs mRNA Vaccination.

Young BE, Seppo AE, Diaz N, Rosen-Carole C, Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Cruz Vasquez JM, Ferri-Huerta R, Nguyen-Contant P, Fitzgerald T, Sangster MY, Topham DJ, Järvinen KM

JAMA pediatrics.. 2022 February 1176 (2):159-168. Epub 1900 01 01.

Breastfeeding and the origins of health: Interdisciplinary perspectives and priorities.

Azad MB, Nickel NC, Bode L, Brockway M, Brown A, Chambers C, Goldhammer C, Hinde K, McGuire M, Munblit D, Patel AL, Pérez-Escamilla R, Rasmussen KM, Shenker N, Young BE, Zuccolo L

Maternal & child nutrition.. 2021 April 17 (2):e13109. Epub 11/19/2020.

Concentrating human milk: an innovative point-of-care device designed to increase human milk feeding options for preterm infants.

Schinkel ER, Nelson ER, Young BE, Bernstein RM, Taylor SN, Brown LD, Hay WW, Brown KJ, Prenni J

Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association.. 2021 March 41 (3):582-589. Epub 10/15/2020.

Milk From Women Diagnosed With COVID-19 Does Not Contain SARS-CoV-2 RNA but Has Persistent Levels of SARS-CoV-2-Specific IgA Antibodies.

Pace RM, Williams JE, Järvinen KM, Meehan CL, Martin MA, Ley SH, Barbosa-Leiker C, Andres A, Yeruva L, Belfort MB, Caffé B, Navarrete AD, Lackey KA, Pace CDW, Gogel AC, Fehrenkamp BD, Klein M, Young BE, Rosen-Carole C, Diaz N, Gaw SL, Flaherman V, McGuire MA, McGuire MK, Seppo AE

Frontiers in immunology.. 2021 12 :801797. Epub 12/23/2021.

B-Vitamins and Choline in Human Milk Are Not Impacted by a Preconception Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplement, but Differ Among Three Low-to-Middle Income Settings-Findings From the Women First Trial.

Young BE, Westcott J, Kemp J, Allen L, Hampel D, Garcés AL, Figueroa L, Goudar SS, Dhaded SM, Somannavar M, Saleem S, Ali SA, Hambidge KM, Krebs NF,

Frontiers in nutrition.. 2021 8 :750680. Epub 12/23/2021.

Milk Bank Pooling Practices Impact Concentrations and Variability of Bioactive Components of Donor Human Milk.

Young BE, Murphy K, Borman LL, Heinrich R, Krebs NF

Frontiers in nutrition.. 2020 7 :579115. Epub 10/06/2020.

Gestational Diabetes Is Uniquely Associated With Altered Early Seeding of the Infant Gut Microbiota.

Soderborg TK, Carpenter CM, Janssen RC, Weir TL, Robertson CE, Ir D, Young BE, Krebs NF, Hernandez TL, Barbour LA, Frank DN, Kroehl M, Friedman JE

Frontiers in endocrinology.. 2020 11 :603021. Epub 11/27/2020.

Effect of Pooling Practices and Time Postpartum of Milk Donations on the Energy, Macronutrient, and Zinc Concentrations of Resultant Donor Human Milk Pools.

Young BE, Borman LL, Heinrich R, Long J, Pinney S, Westcott J, Krebs NF

The Journal of pediatrics.. 2019 November 214 :54-59. Epub 09/23/2019.

Factors Associated with Breastfeeding Initiation and Continuation: A Meta-Analysis.

Cohen SS, Alexander DD, Krebs NF, Young BE, Cabana MD, Erdmann P, Hays NP, Bezold CP, Levin-Sparenberg E, Turini M, Saavedra JM

The Journal of pediatrics.. 2018 December 203 :190-196.e21. Epub 10/04/2018.

Bioactive components in human milk are differentially associated with rates of lean and fat mass deposition in infants of mothers with normal vs. elevated BMI.

Young BE, Levek C, Reynolds RM, Rudolph MC, MacLean P, Hernandez TL, Friedman JE, Krebs NF

Pediatric obesity.. 2018 October 13 (10):598-606. Epub 08/09/2018.

Bioactive Components in Human Milk are Differentially Associated with Rates of Lean and Fat Mass Deposition in Infants of Normal Weight versus Overweight Mothers.

Young BE, Palmer C, Reynolds R, Rudolph M, MacLean P, Hernandez T, Friedman J, Krebs N.

Pediatric Obesity. 2018; .

Human milk insulin is related to maternal plasma insulin and BMI: but other components of human milk do not differ by BMI.

Young BE, Patinkin Z, Palmer C, de la Houssaye B, Barbour LA, Hernandez T, Friedman JE, Krebs NF

European journal of clinical nutrition.. 2017 September 71 (9):1094-1100. Epub 05/17/2017.

Formula Feeding Exposure Not Homogenous.

Young BE

Pediatrics.. 2017 September 140 (3)Epub 1900 01 01.

Markers of Oxidative Stress in Human Milk do not Differ by Maternal BMI But are Related to Infant Growth Trajectories.

Young BE, Patinkin ZW, Pyle L, de la Houssaye B, Davidson BS, Geraghty S, Morrow AL, Krebs N

Maternal and child health journal.. 2017 June 21 (6):1367-1376. Epub 1900 01 01.

Early infant adipose deposition is positively associated with the n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio in human milk independent of maternal BMI.

Rudolph MC, Young BE, Lemas DJ, Palmer CE, Hernandez TL, Barbour LA, Friedman JE, Krebs NF, MacLean PS

International journal of obesity : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.. 2017 April 41 (4):510-517. Epub 11/23/2016.

Reply to M Gotteland and F Magne.

Friedman JE, Young BE, Lemas DJ, Barbour LA, Frank DN, Santorico SA

The American journal of clinical nutrition.. 2017 January 105 (1):234-236. Epub 1900 01 01.

Infant adipose deposition is positively associated with the human milk omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio

Young BE*, Rudolph M*, Lemas D, Hernandez T, Barbour L, Friedman J, Krebs N, MacLean P.

International Journal of Obesity. 2017; 41(4): 510-517.

Human Milk Fatty Acid Composition: Comparison of Novel Dried Milk Spot Versus Standard Liquid Extraction Methods.

Rudolph MC, Young BE, Jackson KH, Krebs NF, Harris WS, MacLean PS

Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia.. 2016 December 21 (3-4):131-138. Epub 10/28/2016.

Alterations in human milk leptin and insulin are associated with early changes in the infant intestinal microbiome.

Lemas DJ, Young BE, Baker PR, Tomczik AC, Soderborg TK, Hernandez TL, de la Houssaye BA, Robertson CE, Rudolph MC, Ir D, Patinkin ZW, Krebs NF, Santorico SA, Weir T, Barbour LA, Frank DN, Friedman JE

The American journal of clinical nutrition.. 2016 May 103 (5):1291-300. Epub 1900 01 01.

Maternal Beliefs Surrounding Infant Feeding, but Not Maternal BMI or Hospital Experience, Predict Breastfeeding Exclusivity and Behavior.

Young BE, Farazandeh S, Westra K, Krebs N

Austin journal of pediatrics.. 2016 3 (4)Epub 10/05/2016.

Infants' Dietary Diversity Scores: United States Breastfed Infants Fall Short.

Young BE, Krebs NF

The Journal of pediatrics.. 2015 November 167 (5):952-3. Epub 09/08/2015.

Reductions in Heel Bone Quality Across Gestation Are Attenuated in Pregnant Adolescents With Higher Prepregnancy Weight and Greater Increases in PTH Across Gestation.

Whisner CM, Young BE, Witter FR, Harris ZL, Queenan RA, Cooper EM, O'Brien KO

Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.. 2015 October 30 (10):1942. Epub 07/14/2015.

Early-life influences on obesity: from preconception to adolescence.

Wahlqvist ML, Krawetz SA, Rizzo NS, Dominguez-Bello MG, Szymanski LM, Barkin S, Yatkine A, Waterland RA, Mennella JA, Desai M, Ross MG, Krebs NF, Young BE, Wardle J, Wrann CD, Kral JG

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.. 2015 July 1347 (1):1-28. Epub 06/02/2015.

Maternal diet but not gestational weight gain predicts central adiposity accretion in utero among pregnant adolescents.

Whisner CM, Young BE, Pressman EK, Queenan RA, Cooper EM, O'Brien KO

International journal of obesity : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.. 2015 April 39 (4):565-70. Epub 12/03/2014.

Reductions in heel bone quality across gestation are attenuated in pregnant adolescents with higher prepregnancy weight and greater increases in PTH across gestation.

Whisner CM, Young BE, Witter FR, Harris ZL, Queenan RA, Cooper EM, O'Brien KO

Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.. 2014 September 29 (9):2109-17. Epub 1900 01 01.

Placental vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression is related to neonatal vitamin D status, placental calcium transfer, and fetal bone length in pregnant adolescents.

Young BE, Cooper EM, McIntyre AW, Kent T, Witter F, Harris ZL, O'Brien KO

FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.. 2014 May 28 (5):2029-37. Epub 02/20/2014.

Placental Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) Expression is Related to Neonatal Vitamin D Status, Placental Calcium Transfer and Fetal Bone in Pregnant Adolescents.

Young BE, McNanley T, Cooper E, McIntyre AW, Kent T, Witter F, Harris ZL, O'Brien KO.

2014; 99(4): 1348-1356.

Complementary Feeding: Critical Considerations to Optimize Growth, Nutrition, and Feeding Behavior.

Young BE, Krebs NF

Current pediatrics reports.. 2013 December 11 (4):247-256. Epub 1900 01 01.

Biological determinants linking infant weight gain and child obesity: current knowledge and future directions.

Young BE, Johnson SL, Krebs NF

Advances in nutrition.. 2012 September 13 (5):675-86. Epub 09/01/2012.

Maternal vitamin D status and calcium intake interact to affect fetal skeletal growth in utero in pregnant adolescents.

Young BE, McNanley TJ, Cooper EM, McIntyre AW, Witter F, Harris ZL, O'Brien KO

The American journal of clinical nutrition.. 2012 May 95 (5):1103-12. Epub 04/04/2012.

Vitamin D insufficiency is prevalent and vitamin D is inversely associated with parathyroid hormone and calcitriol in pregnant adolescents.

Young BE, McNanley TJ, Cooper EM, McIntyre AW, Witter F, Harris ZL, O'Brien KO

Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.. 2012 January 27 (1):177-86. Epub 1900 01 01.

Books

Early Nutrition and Long-Term Health: Mechanism, Consequences, and Opportunities (2016)

Chapter: The Short and Long-Term Benefits of Breastfeeding