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Michael C. Schell, Ph.D.

Michael C. Schell, Ph.D.

About Me

Faculty Appointments

Professor Emeritus - Department of Radiation Oncology (SMD)

Credentials

Education

PhD | University of Wisconsin-Madison. Medical Physics, All Other. 1984

MS | University of Kentucky. Nuclear Physics, All Other. 1976

BS | State University at Stony Brook. Physics. 1972

Awards

Scientific originality in the Dissertation Research at the
University of Wisconsin - Madison, from the campus
Chapter of Sigma Xi. 1984

Publications

Journal Articles

Comparing the Evolution of Risk Culture in Radiation Oncology, Aviation, and Nuclear Power.

Abdulla A, Schell KR, Schell MC

Journal of patient safety.. 2020 December 16 (4):e352-e358. Epub 1900 01 01.

NRG Oncology/RTOG 0438: A Phase 1 Trial of Highly Conformal Radiation Therapy for Liver Metastases.

Dawson LA, Winter KA, Katz AW, Schell MC, Brierley J, Chen Y, Kopek N, Crane CH, Willett CG

Practical radiation oncology.. 2019 9 (4):e386-e393. Epub 02/27/2019.

AAPM medical physics practice guideline 10.a.: Scope of practice for clinical medical physics.

Clements JB, Baird CT, de Boer, Fairobent LA, Fisher T, Goodwin JH, Gress DA, Johnson JL, Kolsky KL, Mageras GS, Marsh RM, Martin MC, Parker B, Pavord DC, Schell MC, Anthony Seibert, Stevens DM, Tarver RB, Waite-Jones CG, Wingreen N

Journal of applied clinical medical physics. 2018 November 19 (6):11-25. Epub 10/19/2018.

Single-Fraction Radiosurgery Using Conservative Doses for Brain Metastases: Durable Responses in Select Primaries With Limited Toxicity.

Cummings M, Youn P, Bergsma DP, Usuki KY, Walter K, Sharma M, Okunieff P, Schell MC, Milano MT

Neurosurgery.. 2018 September 183 (3):437-444. Epub 1900 01 01.

Anatomical Study of Percutaneous Trigeminal Compressive Balloon Positioning on Merged 3-D Rotational X-ray and Pre-Procedural Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Sandwell, Stephen; Montoya, Simone; Towner, James E; Markman, John D; Schell, Michael C; Bhalla, Tarun.

Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. 2018; 96(3): 182-189.

A report from the AAPM Subcommittee on Guidelines for Competency Evaluation for Clinical Medical Physicists in Radiation Oncology

Pavord, Daniel; Birnbaum, Steven; Boccuzzi, Douglas; deBoer, Steven; Freedman, D. Jay; Schell, Michael; and Sutlief, Steven.

Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics. 2016; 17(4).

Local control rates with five-fraction stereotactic body radiotherapy for oligometastatic cancer to the lung.

Singh D, Chen Y, Hare MZ, Usuki KY, Zhang H, Lundquist T, Joyce N, Schell MC, Milano MT

Journal of thoracic disease.. 2014 April 6 (4):369-74. Epub 1900 01 01.

Stereotactic body radiation for the spine: a review.

Chawla S, Schell MC, Milano MT

American journal of clinical oncology.. 2013 December 36 (6):630-6. Epub 1900 01 01.

A phase 3 trial of whole brain radiation therapy and stereotactic radiosurgery alone versus WBRT and SRS with temozolomide or erlotinib for non-small cell lung cancer and 1 to 3 brain metastases: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 0320.

Sperduto PW, Wang M, Robins HI, Schell MC, Werner-Wasik M, Komaki R, Souhami L, Buyyounouski MK, Khuntia D, Demas W, Shah SA, Nedzi LA, Perry G, Suh JH, Mehta MP

International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.. 2013 April 185 (5):1312-8. Epub 02/04/2013.

Stereotactic radiosurgery and hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy: normal tissue dose constraints of the central nervous system.

Milano MT, Usuki KY, Walter KA, Clark D, Schell MC

Cancer treatment reviews.. 2011 November 37 (7):567-78. Epub 05/14/2011.

Simulation training in healthcare - a role in radiation oncology?

O'Neill M; Milano MT; Schell MC.

Int Journal Radiation Oncolgy Bio Physics. 2011; 81 (suppl1): S697-S698.

Stereotactic body radiation therapy: the report of AAPM Task Group 101

Benedict SH. Yenice KM. Followill D. Galvin JM. Hinson W. Kavanagh B. Keall P. Lovelock M. Meeks S. Papiez L. Purdie T. Sadagopan R. Schell MC. Salter B. Schlesinger DJ. Shiu AS. Solberg T. Song DY. Stieber V. Timmerman R. Tome WA. Verellen D. Wang L. Yin FF.

Medical Physics. 2010; 37(8): 4078-101.

Stereotactic radiosurgery for glioblastoma: retrospective analysis.

Biswas, T; Okunieff, P; Schell, MC; Smudzin, T; Pilcher, WH; Bakos, RS; Vates, GE; Walter, KA; Wensel, A; Korones, DN; Milano, MT.

Radiation Oncology. 2009; 4: 11.

Central thoracic lesions treated with hypofractionated stereotactic body radiotherapy

Milano MT, Chen Y, Katz AW, Philip A, Schell MC & Okunieff P.

Radiotherapy & Oncology. 2009; 91(3): 301-6.

A prospective pilot study of curative-intent stereotactic body radiation therapy in patients with five or fewer oligometastic lesions

Milano MT, Katz AW, Muhs AG, Philip A, Buchholz DJ, Schell MC, Okunieff P.

Cancer. 2008; 112(3): 650-8.

Descriptive analysis of oligometastic lesions treated with curative intent stereotactic body radiation therapy.

Milano MT, Katz AW, Schell MC, Philip A, Okunieff P.

International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2008; 72(2): 1516-22.

Hypofractionated stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for limited hepatic metastases.

Katz AW, Carey-Sampson M, Muhs AG, Milano MT, Schell MC, Okunieff P

International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.. 2007 March 167 (3):793-8. Epub 12/29/2006.

Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) for lung metastases.

Okunieff P, Petersen AL, Philip A, Milano MT, Katz AW, Boros L, Schell MC

Acta oncologica.. 2006 45 (7):808-17. Epub 1900 01 01.

Bouquet brachytherapy: feasibility and optimization of conically spaced implants.

Fu L, Ng WS, Liu H, O'Dell W, Rubens D, Strang J, Schell MC, Brasacchio R, Liao L, Messing E, Yu Y

Brachytherapy.. 2005 4 (1):59-63. Epub 1900 01 01.

Long-term management of patients with multiple brain metastases after shaped beam radiosurgery. Case report and review of the literature.

Okunieff P, Schell MC, Ruo R, Hale ER, O'Dell WG, Pilcher W

Journal of neurosurgery.. 2004 November 101 Suppl 3 :406-12. Epub 1900 01 01.

Whole brain radiation therapy with or without stereotactic radiosurgery boost for patients with one to three brain metastases: phase III results of the RTOG 9508 randomised trial.

Andrews DW, Scott CB, Sperduto PW, Flanders AE, Gaspar LE, Schell MC, Werner-Wasik M, Demas W, Ryu J, Bahary JP, Souhami L, Rotman M, Mehta MP, Curran WJ

Lancet.. 2004 May 22363 (9422):1665-72. Epub 1900 01 01.

Low-dose radiosurgery for benign intracranial lesions.

Biswas T, Sandhu AP, Singh DP, Schell MC, Maciunas RJ, Bakos RS, Muhs AG, Okunieff P

American journal of clinical oncology.. 2003 August 26 (4):325-31. Epub 1900 01 01.

Optimal marker placement in photogrammetry patient positioning system.

Liu H, Yu Y, Schell MC, O'Dell WG, Ruo R, Okunieff P

Medical physics.. 2003 February 30 (2):103-10. Epub 1900 01 01.

Dose broadening due to target position variability during fractionated breath-held radiation therapy.

O'Dell WG, Schell MC, Reynolds D, Okunieff R

Medical physics.. 2002 July 29 (7):1430-7. Epub 1900 01 01.

External beam irradiation for inhibition of intimal hyperplasia following prosthetic bypass: preliminary results.

Illig KA, Williams JP, Lyden SP, Hernady E, Soni A, Davies MG, Schell M, Okunieff P, Rubin P, Green RM

Annals of vascular surgery.. 2001 September 15 (5):533-8. Epub 1900 01 01.

Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Research Plan 2002-2006. Image-Guided Radiation Therapy Committee.

Michalski J, Purdy JA, Gaspar L, Souhami L, Ballow M, Bradley J, Chao CK, Crane C, Eisbruch A, Fallowil D, Forster K, Fowler J, Gillin MT, Graham ML, Harms WB, Huq MS, Kline RW, Mackie TR, Mukherji S, Podogorsak EB, Roach M, Ryu J, Sandler H, Schultz CJ, Schell M, Verhey LJ, Vicini F, Winter KA,

International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.. 2001 51 (3 Suppl 2):60-5. Epub 1900 01 01.

Multi-objective optimization in radiotherapy: applications to stereotactic radiosurgery and prostate brachytherapy.

Yu Y, Zhang JB, Cheng G, Schell MC, Okunieff P

Artificial intelligence in medicine.. 2000 May 19 (1):39-51. Epub 1900 01 01.

Toward a statistically relevant calibration end point for prostate seed implants.

Rosenzweig DP, Schell MC, Yu Y

Medical physics.. 2000 January 27 (1):144-50. Epub 1900 01 01.

Irradiation for intimal hyperplasia: implications for peripheral arterial bypass

Illig, KA; Soni, AB; Williams, J; Shortell, CK; Okunieff, P; Schell, MC; Rubin, P; Green, RM.

J Amer Coll Surg. 2000; 190(3): 364-370.

Guidelines for prostate brachytherapy physics.

Yu, Y; Schell, MC.

Radiother Oncol. 2000; 56(Suppl 1).

Radiochromic film dosimetry of a high dose rate beta source for intravascular brachytherapy.

Duggan DM, Coffey CW, Lobdell JL, Schell MC

Medical physics.. 1999 November 26 (11):2461-4. Epub 1900 01 01.

Permanent prostate seed implant brachytherapy: report of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine Task Group No. 64.

Yu Y, Anderson LL, Li Z, Mellenberg DE, Nath R, Schell MC, Waterman FM, Wu A, Blasko JC

Medical physics.. 1999 October 26 (10):2054-76. Epub 1900 01 01.

Five year results of LINAC radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations: outcome for large AVMS.

Miyawaki L, Dowd C, Wara W, Goldsmith B, Albright N, Gutin P, Halbach V, Hieshima G, Higashida R, Lulu B, Pitts L, Schell M, Smith V, Weaver K, Wilson C, Larson D

International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.. 1999 July 1544 (5):1089-106. Epub 1900 01 01.

Intraoperative optimized inverse planning for prostate brachytherapy: early experience.

Messing EM, Zhang JB, Rubens DJ, Brasacchio RA, Strang JG, Soni A, Schell MC, Okunieff PG, Yu Y

International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.. 1999 July 144 (4):801-8. Epub 1900 01 01.

Intravascular brachytherapy physics: report of the AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group no. 60. American Association of Physicists in Medicine.

Nath R, Amols H, Coffey C, Duggan D, Jani S, Li Z, Schell M, Soares C, Whiting J, Cole PE, Crocker I, Schwartz R

Medical physics.. 1999 February 26 (2):119-52. Epub 1900 01 01.

Comparability of the external versus internal location of radiation in inhibiting neointimal hyperplasia.

Williams, JP; Rubin, P; Soni, A; Hernady, E; Schell, MC; Green, R; Illig, K; Pomerantz, R; Okunieff, P.

J Cardiovasc Radiat Med. 1999; 1(1): 55-63.

Innovations and challenges to intravascular brachytherapy dosimetry.

Schell MC & Yu Y.

Cardiovascular Radiation Medicine. 1999; 1(3): 311-2.

Circumventing the learning curve of dose and volume in intravascular brachytherapy.

Yu Y, Schell MC & Rubin P.

Cardiovascular Radiation Medicine. 1999; 1(2): 170-1.

Radiation inhibition of arterial restenosis -- a new frontier.

Rubin P, Williams JP, Schell MC, Okunieff P

Acta oncologica.. 1999 38 (4):407-24. Epub 1900 01 01.

Characterization of the dose perturbation by stents as a function of X-ray beam energy.

Schell MC, Rosenzweig DP, Weaver KA, Fenton BM, Rubin P

Cardiovascular radiation medicine. 1999 1 (2):154-9. Epub 1900 01 01.

Effectiveness of fractionated external beam radiation in the inhibition of vascular restenosis.

Williams JP, Eagleton M, Hernady E, Schell M, Illig K, Green R, Rubin P

Cardiovascular radiation medicine. 1999 1 (3):257-64. Epub 1900 01 01.

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of radiation inhibition of restenosis. Part I: role of the macrophage and platelet-derived growth factor.

Rubin P, Williams JP, Riggs PN, Bartos S, Sarac T, Pomerantz R, Castano J, Schell M, Green RM

International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.. 1998 March 140 (4):929-41. Epub 1900 01 01.

MR image-guided portal verification for brain treatment field.

Yin FF, Gao Q, Xie H, Nelson DF, Yu Y, Kwok WE, Totterman S, Schell MC, Rubin P

International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.. 1998 February 140 (3):703-11. Epub 1900 01 01.

Quality assurance in linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery and radiotherapy.

Rosenzweig DP, Schell MC, Numaguchi Y

Medical dosimetry : official journal of the American Association of Medical Dosimetrists.. 1998 23 (3):147-51. Epub 1900 01 01.

Decision theoretic steering and genetic algorithm optimization: application to stereotactic radiosurgery treatment planning.

Yu Y, Schell MC, Zhang JB

Medical physics.. 1997 November 24 (11):1742-50. Epub 1900 01 01.

A genetic algorithm for the optimization of prostate implants.

Yu Y, Schell MC

Medical physics.. 1996 December 23 (12):2085-91. Epub 1900 01 01.

An observer study for direct comparison of clinical efficacy of electronic to film portal images.

Yin FF, Rubin P, Schell MC, Wynn R, Raubertas RF, Uschold G, Sandhu A, Nelson DF

International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.. 1996 July 1535 (5):985-91. Epub 1900 01 01.

A method of developing an interlock system for linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery.

DeMagri, CE; Sohn, JW; Smith, V; Perec, A; Larson, DA; Schell, MC.

Radiat Oncol Invest. 1996; 4: 287-291.

MRI: an important factor for decreasing the morbidities of treating vestibular schwannoma with radiosurgery.

Wu A, Kalnick S & Schell MC.

International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 1996; 36(5): 1283-4.

Dose-volume histogram analysis of techniques for irradiating pituitary adenomas.

Sohn JW, Dalzell JG, Suh JH, Tefft M, Schell MC

International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.. 1995 June 1532 (3):831-7. Epub 1900 01 01.

Three-dimensional conformal pancreas treatment: comparison of four- to six-field techniques.

Higgins PD, Sohn JW, Fine RM, Schell MC

International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.. 1995 February 131 (3):605-9. Epub 1900 01 01.

TG-42 Report on stereotactic external beam irradiation. AAPM Report No. 54.

Schell, MC; Bova, FJ; Larson, DA; Leavitt, DD; Lutz, WR; Podgorsak, EB; Wu, A.

Stereotactic Radiosurgery. 1995; .

A technique of automating compensator design for lung inhomogeneity correction using an electron portal imaging device.

Yin FF, Schell MC, Rubin P

Medical physics.. 1994 November 21 (11):1729-32. Epub 1900 01 01.

Input/output characteristics of a matrix ion-chamber electronic portal imaging device.

Yin FF, Schell MC, Rubin P

Medical physics.. 1994 September 21 (9):1447-54. Epub 1900 01 01.

Uniform irradiation of the craniospinal axis with a penumbra modifier and an asymmetric collimator.

Sohn JW, Schell MC, Dass KK, Suh JH, Tefft M

International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.. 1994 April 3029 (1):187-90. Epub 1900 01 01.

Stereotactic radiosurgery quality improvement: interdepartmental collaboration

Schell MC & Kooy H.

International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 1994; 28(2): 551-2.

Role of tertiary collimation used for linac-based radiosurgery.

Smith, V; Larson, D; Schell, MC.

Radiat Oncol Invest. 1993; 1: 71-75.

Diode dosimetry of models 6711 and 6712 125I seeds in a water phantom.

Ahmad M, Fontenla DP, Chiu-Tsao ST, Chui CS, Reiff JE, Anderson LL, Huang DY, Schell MC

Medical physics.. 1992 19 (2):391-9. Epub 1900 01 01.

Clinical implications of I-125 dosimetry of bone and bone-soft tissue interfaces.

Yorke ED, Huang YC, Schell MC, Wong R, Ling CC

International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.. 1991 November 21 (6):1613-9. Epub 1900 01 01.

Intraoperative radiotherapy with localized radioprotection: diminished duodenal toxicity with intraluminal WR2721.

Halberg FE, LaRue SM, Rayner AA, Burnel WM, Powers BE, Chan AS, Schell MC, Gillette EL, Phillips TL

International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.. 1991 October 21 (5):1241-6. Epub 1900 01 01.

Evaluation of radiosurgery techniques with cumulative dose volume histograms in linac-based stereotactic external beam irradiation.

Schell MC, Smith V, Larson DA, Wu A, Flickinger JC

International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.. 1991 June 20 (6):1325-30. Epub 1900 01 01.

Estimation of complications for linear accelerator radiosurgery with the integrated logistic formula.

Flickinger JC, Schell MC, Larson DA

International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.. 1990 July 19 (1):143-8. Epub 1900 01 01.

Dose distribution of 125I sources in different tissues.

Huang DY, Schell MC, Weaver KA, Ling CC

Medical physics.. 1990 17 (5):826-32. Epub 1900 01 01.

Measurement of dose distributions of linear energy transfer in matter irradiated by fast neutrons.

Schell MC, Pearson DW, DeLuca PM, Haight RC

Medical physics.. 1990 17 (1):1-9. Epub 1900 01 01.

Design of I-125 eye plaques for radiation therapy.

Schell, MC; Weaver, KA; Phillips, TL; Char, D; Quivey, J; Barnett, C; Ling, CC.

J Endocuriether Hyperther Oncol. 1989; 5: 83-90.

Dose parameters of 125I and 192Ir seed sources.

Weaver KA, Smith V, Huang D, Barnett C, Schell MC, Ling C

Medical physics.. 1989 16 (4):636-43. Epub 1900 01 01.

Auger electron contribution to bromodeoxyuridine cellular radiosensitization.

Larson, D; Bodell, WJ; Ling, CC; Phillips, TL; Schell, MC; Shrieve, D; Troxel, T.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1988; 16: 171-176.

CT-assisted assessment of bladder and rectum dose in gynecological implants.

Ling CC, Schell MC, Working KR, Jentzsch K, Harisiadis L, Carabell S, Rogers CC

International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.. 1987 October 13 (10):1577-82. Epub 1900 01 01.

Using measured dose distribution data of the Fletcher-Suit-Delclos colpostat in brachytherapy treatment planning.

Yorke ED, Schell MC, Gaskill JW, Ling CC

International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.. 1987 September 13 (9):1413-9. Epub 1900 01 01.

Dose distributions of model 6702 I-125 seeds in water.

Schell MC, Ling CC, Gromadzki ZC, Working KR

International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.. 1987 May 13 (5):795-9. Epub 1900 01 01.

The effect of hypoxic cell sensitizers at different irradiation dose rates.

Ling CC, Stickler R, Schell MC, Spiro IJ

Radiation research.. 1987 March 109 (3):396-406. Epub 1900 01 01.

Irradiation of bilateral orbital lymphoma: a non-coplanar technique with case reports.

Harisiadis L, Misisco DJ, Schell MC, Ney A, Wessels BW, Ling CC

Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.. 1987 February 8 (2):123-8. Epub 1900 01 01.

Orbital tumor irradiation using non-coplanar beams.

Harisiadis L, Schell MC, Working KR, Justice T, Wessels BW, Ling CC

Radiology.. 1985 September 156 (3):823-4. Epub 1900 01 01.

Two-dimensional dose distribution of 125I seeds.

Ling CC, Schell MC, Yorke ED, Palos BB, Kubiatowicz DO

Medical physics.. 1985 12 (5):652-5. Epub 1900 01 01.

Treatment experience with 15 MeV fast neutrons in the oral cavity and oropharynx.

Herskovic A, Cox EB, Fender F, Schell M, Henshaw W, Rogers C, Ornitz R

Cancer.. 1984 May 1553 (10):2087-90. Epub 1900 01 01.

Performance characteristics of A 150 plastic-equivalent gases in A 150 plastic proportional counters for 14.8-MeV neutrons.

DeLuca PM, Schell MC, Pearson DW, Higgins PD, Attix FH

Medical physics.. 1984 11 (4):449-55. Epub 1900 01 01.

Treatment experience. Glioblastoma multiforme treated with 15 MeV fast neutrons.

Herskovic A, Ornitz RD, Shell M, Rogers CC

Cancer.. 1982 June 1549 (12):2463-5. Epub 1900 01 01.

Magnetic analysis of the radiation components of a 10 MV photon beam.

Ling CC, Schell MC, Rustgi SN

Medical physics.. 1982 9 (1):20-6. Epub 1900 01 01.

Application of A150 plastic-equivalent gas in A150 plastic ionization chambers for Co-60 gamma rays and 14.8-MeV neutrons.

Deluca PM, Attix FH, Pearson DW, Schell MC, Awschalom M

Medical physics.. 1982 9 (3):378-84. Epub 1900 01 01.

Treatment experience: locally advanced sarcomas with 15 MeV fast neutrons.

Ornitz R, Herskovic A, Schell M, Fender F, Rogers CC

Cancer.. 1980 June 145 (11):2712-6. Epub 1900 01 01.

Clinical observations of early and late normal tissue injury in patients receiving fast neutron irradiation.

Ornitz RD, Bradley EW, Mossman KL, Fender FM, Schell MC, Rogers CC

International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.. 1980 March 6 (3):273-9. Epub 1900 01 01.

Neutron beam characterization by means of a radioactivation image transfer (RIT) technique.

Deye JA, Schell MC

International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.. 1979 January 5 (1):105-10. Epub 1900 01 01.

Empirical equation for tissue-maximum ratios/scatter-maximum ratios for indirectly ionizing radiotherapy beams.

Schell MC, Deye JA

Medical physics.. 1979 6 (1):65-7. Epub 1900 01 01.

Strong, collective excitations in low energy neutron scattering from transitional nuclei

Coope, DF; Tripathi, SN; Schell, MC; Weil, JL; McEllistrem, MT.

Physical Review. 1977; 16.

Direct excitations of rotational levels of 152 Sm with low energy neutrons

Coope, SF; Schell, MC; Tripathi, SN; McEllistrem, MT.

Physical Review Letters. 1976; 37: 1126-1128.

Books

Quality and Safety in Radiotherapy (2010)

Radiation Physics as Applied to Radiation Oncology, Clinical Oncology (2001)

Chapter: A Multidisciplinary Approach for Physicians and Students.

Advances in Interventional Neuroradiology and Intravascular Neurosurgery. (1996)

Chapter: Stereotactic Radiosurgery of Arteriovenous Malformations.

Radiation Therapy Physics (1994)

Chapter: Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Proceedings of Radiosurgery Workshop, University of Pittsburgh (1991)

Chapter: Linac Based Radiosurgery